Our Picks for Best Payment Gateways
Payment Depot
Payment Depot stands out with its subscription-based pricing model, which eliminates percentage-based markups on transactions. This structure makes it particularly cost-effective for high-volume businesses, providing significant savings over traditional payment processors. Additionally, Payment Depot offers transparent fees, strong fraud prevention tools, and seamless integrations with e-commerce platforms and point-of-sale (POS) systems.
Pricing Details
- Monthly fees: Start at $49.
- Per transaction fees: 0.15% + $0.05 or flat rates like 2.5% + $0.10.
- PCI compliance fee: $99 annually.
- Chargeback fee: $15 per occurrence.
- Early termination fee: $295.
Features and Benefits
- Subscription-based pricing: Avoids markup on interchange fees.
- Payment options: Supports credit cards, debit cards, ACH payments, and mobile payments.
- E-commerce integrations: Compatible with platforms like Shopify and WooCommerce.
- Security: Includes fraud detection and prevention tools.
- Customer management: Tools for recurring billing, reporting, and analytics.
Electronic Merchant Systems (EMS)
Electronic Merchant Systems (EMS) stands out for its comprehensive suite of services, offering tailored solutions for businesses of all sizes. From point-of-sale (POS) systems to e-commerce gateways, EMS covers a wide range of payment needs while emphasizing customer support. Its customizable payment options and advanced reporting tools make it ideal for businesses that value flexibility and insights into their financial performance.
Pricing Details
- Per transaction fees: Ranges from 1.29% to 2.99%, depending on the card type and merchant agreement.
- Monthly fees: Start at $0 but typically range from $5 to $25.
- Gateway fee: $5 to $15 per month (if applicable).
- Chargeback fee: $25 per occurrence.
- Setup fee: Varies, typically $49 to $99.
Features and Benefits
- Payment options: Supports credit cards, debit cards, ACH payments, and mobile payment solutions.
- E-commerce support: Integrations with platforms like Shopify and WooCommerce.
- Customizable solutions: Tailored tools for recurring billing, subscription services, and shopping carts.
- Security: PCI compliance assistance and fraud prevention measures.
- Insights: Advanced reporting and analytics tools for financial performance tracking.
The Card Association
The Card Association stands out for its role as an industry leader in compliance and risk management services. It supports merchants with secure payment processing solutions, offers fraud prevention tools, and provides valuable educational resources to navigate the complexities of the payment ecosystem. Businesses seeking a partner with a strong emphasis on regulatory compliance and security will find The Card Association an excellent choice.
Pricing Details
- Transaction fees: Range from 1.5% to 3.5% per transaction, depending on card type and volume.
- Monthly fees: Typically $10 to $30 for account maintenance and support.
- Gateway fees: $0.10 to $0.25 per transaction or bundled into a $20-$25 monthly fee.
- Annual fees: Around $100 for compliance and account upkeep.
Features and Benefits
- Payment options: Credit cards, debit cards, and mobile wallets.
- Security: Fraud detection and prevention tools with compliance assistance.
- Integration: Support for e-commerce platforms, POS systems, and API access for developers.
- Insights: Real-time transaction data retrieval and custom reporting tools.
- International transactions: Multi-currency support for businesses with a global presence.
360 Payment Solutions, Inc.
360 Payment Solutions, Inc. is recognized for its flexibility and tailored payment processing services. Its ability to integrate seamlessly with various POS systems and backend software makes it an excellent choice for businesses seeking operational efficiency. Additionally, the company provides detailed reporting tools and multi-currency support, catering to diverse merchant needs.
Pricing Details
- Transaction fees: Range from 2.0% to 3.5% per transaction, depending on volume and risk profile.
- Monthly fees: Typically $20 to $30.
- Gateway fees: $15 to $25 per month.
- Annual fees: Around $99 for account maintenance.
- Chargeback fees: $25 per occurrence.
- Termination fees: Not disclosed; inquire for details.
Features and Benefits
- Payment options: Accepts credit cards, debit cards, ACH, and mobile payments.
- Integration: Works with e-commerce platforms, POS systems, and third-party software.
- Security: Fraud prevention services and secure payment gateway solutions.
- Insights: Offers advanced reporting and analytics tools.
- Recurring billing: Supports subscription management for businesses with recurring payment models.
- Global reach: Multi-currency transaction support.
MBNCARD, Inc.
MBNCARD, Inc. stands out for its dual expertise in secure identification and payment processing, offering a blend of high-quality smart card solutions and robust payment technologies. With a focus on compliance and advanced security measures, MBNCARD caters to industries with stringent security requirements, such as government and healthcare.
Pricing Details
- Transaction fees: 2.5% + $0.10 per transaction.
- Monthly fees: $15 for customer support and account maintenance.
- Gateway fees: $25 per month for online payment processing.
- Annual fees: None, ensuring predictable costs.
- Chargeback fees: Not disclosed; contact for details.
Features and Benefits
- Payment options: Credit cards, mobile payments, and multi-currency transactions.
- Integration: Supports e-commerce platforms, CRM systems, and accounting software.
- Security: Includes fraud prevention tools and secure gateway solutions.
- Reporting: Automated analytics and reporting capabilities.
- ID integration: Combines smart card technologies with payment systems for secure operations.
- Recurring billing: Subscription management for businesses with recurring payment needs.
Jack Henry & Associates, Inc.
Jack Henry & Associates, Inc. is a leader in delivering comprehensive software and payment solutions tailored to financial institutions. Its robust offerings include core banking systems, digital banking platforms, and payment processing services, all backed by a strong focus on security and regulatory compliance.
Pricing Details
- Transaction fees: $0.05 to $0.25 per transaction, depending on volume.
- Monthly fees: $10 to $500, based on service usage.
- Gateway fees: $15 to $50 per month for secure payment processing.
- Annual fees: Range from $100 to $1,200, depending on service complexity.
- Setup fees: Pricing available upon request.
Features and Benefits
- Core banking solutions: Streamlines operations for banks and credit unions.
- Payment options: Supports credit cards, mobile banking, and online payments.
- Digital banking: Offers mobile apps and online platforms for customer engagement.
- Integration: Pre-built and custom API solutions for financial software and payment processors.
- Security: Advanced fraud detection and compliance tools.
- Analytics: Data analytics and business intelligence to enhance decision-making.
- Scalability: Pricing and features adapt to institutions of all sizes.
eWAY
eWAY stands out as a trusted payment processor for online businesses. With a focus on secure, efficient transactions, eWAY provides seamless integration with e-commerce platforms and robust fraud detection tools, making it a solid choice for merchants seeking reliable and customizable payment processing solutions.
Pricing Details
- Transaction fees: 1.75% to 2.4% per transaction, depending on the plan and card type.
- Monthly fees: $0 to $25, based on service level.
- Gateway fees: Around $0.30 per transaction.
- Additional fees: May apply for features like recurring billing or international transactions.
Features and Benefits
- Payment gateway: Facilitates secure online transactions.
- eCommerce integration: Seamlessly integrates with platforms like Magento, Shopify, and WooCommerce.
- Mobile payments: SDKs for iOS and Android to enable mobile payment solutions.
- Recurring billing: Subscription management tools for repeat billing.
- Security: PCI compliance and fraud prevention tools.
- Customization: Customizable payment forms and hosted payment pages.
- Analytics: Real-time transaction reporting and insights.
- Multi-currency support: Global transaction capabilities for international businesses.
PAYARC
PAYARC excels in offering a wide range of payment processing solutions that cater to businesses of all sizes. With customizable integration options, user-friendly tools, and a focus on fraud protection, PAYARC makes it easy for merchants to streamline their payment processes. It provides solid support for e-commerce, retail, and B2B businesses, emphasizing flexibility and cost transparency.
Pricing Details
- Transaction fees: 0.2% to 0.5% + $0.10 to $0.30 per transaction, depending on volume and transaction type.
- Monthly fees: $10 to $30, covering account maintenance and support.
- Gateway fees: Around $25 per month for access.
- Setup fees: $50 to $150, depending on the services.
- Additional fees: No annual fees, ensuring cost predictability.
Features and Benefits
- Payment processing: Support for a wide variety of payment methods.
- Fraud protection: Tools to help prevent fraudulent transactions.
- eCommerce integration: Compatible with popular e-commerce platforms.
- Mobile payments: Solutions for mobile-based transactions.
- Recurring billing: Subscription and billing management tools.
- Point of sale: Solutions for retail processing.
- Data analytics: Customizable reporting and transaction analytics.
- PCI compliance: Ensures your business meets industry security standards.
- API integration: Easy integration with third-party systems.
- Customer support: Assistance through a seamless onboarding process.
National Transaction Corporation
National Transaction Corporation offers a well-rounded suite of payment processing services designed to support businesses of all sizes, including credit card processing, mobile payments, and e-commerce solutions. Their focus on security, compliance, and flexibility makes them a strong contender for businesses looking to safeguard transaction data while enhancing payment functionality.
Pricing Details
- Transaction fees: 1.5% to 3.5% + $0.10 per transaction, based on card type and volume.
- Monthly fees: $9.95 to $50, depending on service usage.
- Gateway fees: $10 to $30 per month for online transactions.
- Chargeback fees: $15 per chargeback.
- Early termination fees: $295, if applicable.
- Batch fees: $0.15 per batch.
- Monthly minimum fee: $25.
- Annual fees: Around $99, depending on services.
Features and Benefits
- Credit card processing: Supports a wide range of card types.
- eCommerce payment solutions: Includes payment gateway and integration with online platforms.
- Mobile payments: Solutions to accept payments on the go.
- Gift and loyalty programs: Programs to enhance customer engagement.
- Point of sale (POS): Systems for in-store transactions.
- Check acceptance solutions: Ability to process electronic checks.
- Recurring billing: Subscription management and billing solutions.
- Fraud prevention: Tools designed to detect and prevent fraud.
- Multi-currency support: Facilitates global transactions.
- Reporting and analytics: Integration for tracking payment data.
- Virtual terminal: Enables card-not-present transactions.
- API integration: Easy integration with third-party software and systems.
Bank Card Brokers
Bank Card Brokers specializes in offering flexible, tailored payment processing services for a wide range of industries, including high-risk sectors like online gambling, pharmaceuticals, and firearms. Their ability to provide customized merchant accounts, robust fraud prevention tools, and comprehensive support for both retail and e-commerce businesses makes them a top choice for businesses looking for reliable and secure payment solutions.
Pricing Details
- Transaction fees: $0.10 to $0.30 per transaction, depending on volume and business type.
- Monthly service fees: $5 to $25, based on services selected.
- Gateway fees: $15 to $25 per month, if applicable.
- Annual fees: $50 to $100 for account maintenance.
Features and Benefits
- Credit card processing: Supports all major credit and debit card transactions.
- Merchant account services: Provides customized solutions for businesses.
- Payment gateway solutions: Secure, reliable payment gateway options for both in-store and online transactions.
- Point of sale (POS) systems: Tailored for various business types, including retail and e-commerce.
- Mobile payments: Mobile-friendly solutions for on-the-go transactions.
- eCommerce payment integration: Seamless integration with online stores.
- Chargeback management: Tools to help manage and mitigate chargebacks.
- Fraud prevention: Advanced tools for fraud detection and prevention.
- Loyalty and rewards programs: Programs to encourage customer retention.
- Contactless payments: Solutions for quick and secure tap-to-pay transactions.
- API integration: Easy integration with third-party software.
- Multi-currency support: Facilitates international transactions.
- Recurring billing and subscription management: Tools for subscription-based businesses.
- CRM system integration: Integration with customer management systems.
Beacon Payments, LLC
Beacon Payments, LLC excels at providing tailored payment processing solutions for small to medium-sized businesses. By acting as an intermediary between merchants and payment processors, they offer a variety of services including credit card processing, POS systems, and mobile payment solutions. Their focus on compliance, security, and dedicated customer support makes them an attractive choice for businesses seeking flexibility and reliability in managing payments.
Pricing Details
- Transaction fees: 2.5% to 3.5% per transaction, depending on payment methods and business type.
- Monthly service fees: $0 to $30, depending on the services utilized.
- Gateway fees: $10 to $25 per month for online payment services.
- PCI compliance fee: Around $100 annually for compliance assistance.
- Setup fee: Contact for specific pricing.
- Early termination fee & chargeback fee: Not disclosed.
Features and Benefits
- Payment processing: Secure solutions for credit card and debit card transactions.
- Point of sale (POS) systems: Tailored POS systems for a variety of businesses.
- Mobile payments: Mobile-friendly solutions for transactions on the go.
- eCommerce payment gateway: Seamless integration with online stores.
- Merchant accounts: Custom merchant accounts for diverse business needs.
- Fraud prevention: Advanced tools to detect and prevent fraudulent activity.
- Chargeback management: Tools to help reduce and manage chargebacks.
- Virtual terminal services: Access to virtual terminals for secure online payments.
- Automated recurring billing: Simplifies subscription and recurring billing models.
- API integration: Integration options for payment processing systems and merchant accounts.
- E-commerce and POS system integration: Easy integration with various sales platforms.
Netcom PaySystem
Netcom PaySystem is designed to meet the diverse needs of businesses by offering payment processing solutions that ensure flexibility, security, and seamless integration. Their platform supports various payment methods, including point-of-sale systems, mobile payments, and online gateways. With a focus on operational efficiency and compliance, Netcom PaySystem helps businesses stay competitive in a rapidly evolving digital economy.
Pricing Details
- Transaction fees: 2.5% to 3.5% per transaction, varying based on card type and processing method.
- Monthly service fees: $10 to $30, depending on the services and contract terms.
- Gateway fees: $15 to $25 per month for online payment gateways.
- PCI compliance fee: $99 annually.
- Setup fee: Contact to get started.
- Chargeback fee: $25 per chargeback.
- Annual fees: $100 to $300, depending on the service contract.
Features and Benefits
- Payment processing: Efficient and secure credit card and ACH processing.
- Point of Sale (POS) systems: Integration with various POS hardware and software.
- Mobile payments: Flexible mobile payment options for businesses on the go.
- eCommerce payment gateway: Seamless integration for online store transactions.
- Merchant account services: Tailored accounts for businesses of various sizes.
- Fraud prevention: Advanced fraud detection and prevention tools.
- Recurring billing: Solutions for subscription and recurring billing models.
- Virtual terminal services: Access to virtual terminals for secure online payments.
- Currency conversion services: Support for businesses that deal with international transactions.
- API integration: Customizable integration for payment processing and software needs.
- Multi-currency support: Payment processing in various currencies for global reach.
- Reporting and analytics: In-depth reporting tools to track transaction data.
- Third-party application integration: Compatibility with third-party software and applications.
How Do Payment Gateways Work?
Payment gateways start when a customer enters their payment details. This info is encrypted to keep it safe from hackers. Then, it's sent securely to the payment processor or bank.
The next step is when the processor talks to the card network, like Visa or Mastercard. They check if the customer has enough money and if the transaction is safe. If everything checks out, the money moves from the customer's bank to the merchant's.
Payment Gateway vs Payment Processor
A payment gateway and a payment processor are both important components of online transactions, but they serve different functions.
Payment Gateway
VS
A payment gateway acts as a bridge between the customer and the merchant, securely transmitting payment information from the customer to the payment processor. It encrypts sensitive data and ensures a smooth transaction process, providing an interface for customers to enter their payment details.
Payment Processor
On the other hand, a payment processor is responsible for handling the transaction once the data is received. It communicates with the customer's bank or financial institution to authorize the payment, then transfers the funds to the merchant's account.
Essentially, the payment gateway initiates and secures the transaction, while the payment processor finalizes it. Both work together to ensure a seamless and secure payment experience.
How to Choose a Payment Gateway Provider
The right payment gateway provider boosts your transaction speed and profits. To find the best payment gateway services, look at a few important factors.
Transaction Fees
Payment gateways charge different rates based on transaction volume, location, and the type of service provided. The fees can vary from a flat rate per transaction to a percentage of the sale or a combination of both. Be sure to understand the fee structure, including:
- Flat Fees: A fixed amount per transaction, which is predictable and easier to budget.
- Percentage Fees: A percentage of the transaction, which can vary based on the amount of the transaction.
- Additional Charges: Some providers may charge additional fees for services like chargebacks, currency conversions, or high-risk transactions.
Comparing transaction fees from the top payment gateways is a must when choosing one that provides the best value for your business, especially if you're dealing with high transaction volumes or smaller sales amounts.
Payment Methods Supported
Choose a provider that offers a wide range of payment options to cater to your customer base. The more flexible your payment options, the more likely you are to provide a smooth, convenient experience for your customers. Common options include:
- Credit/Debit Cards: The most common method of payment worldwide.
- Digital Wallets: Popular options like PayPal, Apple Pay, Google Pay, and others, which offer ease of use and faster checkouts.
- Bank Transfers: Direct payments from customer bank accounts, often used in regions with lower credit card penetration.
- Alternative Payment Methods: Cryptocurrencies, local payment methods, or installment payments.
Make sure the payment gateway company supports the methods your customers are most likely to use, whether you're operating locally or globally.
Security Features
Security is a critical aspect of choosing a payment gateway, as a secure payment gateway protects both your business and your customers from fraud and data breaches. Key security features to look for include:
- PCI-DSS Compliance: Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (PCI-DSS) ensure that the provider follows strict protocols for safeguarding cardholder information.
- SSL Encryption: Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption ensures that sensitive data, such as credit card numbers, is transmitted securely.
- Fraud Prevention Tools: Some payment gateways offer built-in fraud detection systems that analyze transactions for suspicious activity and reduce the risk of fraud.
A provider with strong security measures helps build customer trust and ensures compliance with legal and industry regulations.
Integration Options
Ensure that the payment gateway you choose integrates seamlessly with your website, e-commerce platform, or accounting system. This allows for a smooth checkout experience and efficient processing of payments. Some things to consider include:
- E-commerce Platforms: Many gateways offer out-of-the-box integrations with popular platforms like Shopify, WooCommerce, Magento, and BigCommerce.
- Accounting Software: Integration with accounting tools like QuickBooks or Xero can streamline bookkeeping and financial tracking.
- Custom Integrations: If you have a custom-built website, check if the gateway offers APIs or SDKs for easy integration.
The easier it is to integrate with your current setup, the more time and effort you save in the long run.
Customer Support
Payment-related issues can directly affect your business operations, that’s why the customer support is important. Key considerations include:
- Availability: Choose a provider with 24/7 customer support, especially if your business operates across multiple time zones.
- Support Channels: Ensure the provider offers various communication methods, such as phone, email, and live chat, so you can get help when needed.
- Quality of Support: Research reviews or request a demo to evaluate the responsiveness and helpfulness of the support team.
Good customer support ensures you can resolve any payment issues quickly, minimizing disruption to your business.
Payment Processing Speed
The speed at which transactions are processed can impact both customer satisfaction and your cash flow. Consider the following:
- Transaction Speed: Some gateways process payments instantly, while others may take a few days.
- Settlement Time: This refers to how long it takes for the funds to be deposited into your account after a transaction is completed. Shorter settlement times can be beneficial for businesses that need faster access to funds.
Faster processing and settlement ensure a better experience for your customers and help you manage your business finances more effectively.
Global Reach
If your business targets customers from different countries, you’ll need a top payment gateway that supports international transactions. Look for providers that offer:
- Multi-Currency Support: The ability to accept payments in different currencies without extra hassle.
- Local Payment Methods: Some regions may prefer local payment systems, such as Alipay in China or iDEAL in the Netherlands.
- Cross-Border Fees: Be aware of any additional fees charged for international transactions, especially for currency conversion or cross-border processing.
A global payment gateway enables you to expand your customer base without worrying about payment barriers.
Reputation and Reviews
The reputation of the payment gateway provider plays a major role in your decision-making process. Some ways to assess a provider’s reliability include:
- User Reviews: Look for feedback from businesses similar to yours regarding the provider’s reliability, customer support, and transaction processing.
- Industry Reputation: Check if the provider has won any awards or has been recognized in the industry for their services.
- Uptime Record: Research the provider’s uptime history to ensure the service is reliable and won’t experience frequent outages.
A reliable payment gateway ensures your business will be supported by a stable, trustworthy service.
Refund and Dispute Handling
A smooth refund and dispute resolution process helps in maintaining good customer relationships. Key features include:
- Easy Refunds: Check if the provider offers a simple, straightforward process for issuing refunds, especially for recurring transactions.
- Chargeback Management: Ensure the provider has tools in place to help you manage chargebacks, including the ability to dispute fraudulent chargebacks when necessary.
- Dispute Resolution: Look for clear processes for handling disputes and protecting your business against unwarranted claims.
A provider with an efficient dispute and refund process can save you time and prevent loss of revenue.
Additional Features
Depending on the nature of your business, you may require additional features that can enhance your payment gateway service, such as:
- Recurring Billing: Perfect for subscription-based businesses, ensuring that payments are automatically processed on a regular schedule.
- Invoicing Capabilities: Some providers allow you to send invoices directly to customers, which is useful for businesses that deal with high-value or customized orders.
- Fraud Detection Tools: Some gateways provide advanced fraud prevention features, such as machine learning-based analysis of transaction patterns.
Choosing a provider that offers these additional features can streamline your operations and provide a better customer experience.
Why Should You Invest in a Solid Payment Gateway Provider
Investing in a solid payment gateway provider is ensures the security, efficiency, and scalability of your business transactions. A reliable gateway facilitates smooth, fast, and secure payment processing, offering peace of mind to both you and your customers. It supports a wide range of payment methods, enhances customer trust with top-notch security features, and ensures compliance with industry standards.
Choosing the right provider can improve your cash flow with faster transaction processing and settlement times, while also offering valuable features like fraud prevention and detailed analytics. Ultimately, a solid payment gateway enhances your business’s overall performance and helps you build long-term customer loyalty.
Methodology: How We Rate Payment Gateways
Our editorial team evaluates payment gateways through a comprehensive analysis of features, pricing, and usability. We gather data directly from company websites, product documentation, and user reviews. Additionally, we speak with company representatives and test product demos when available to ensure a hands-on understanding of their offerings. Our methodology ensures that the ratings reflect the practical needs of businesses across various industries.
Evaluation Criteria:
We assess payment gateways across six categories, weighted based on their importance to business operations. Each gateway’s score is determined by a weighted average across these categories:
Overall Cost (30%)
We prioritize transparent pricing and affordability. We evaluate the overall cost structure, which includes transaction fees (percentages and flat fees), monthly service fees, setup costs, and additional fees such as chargebacks or gateway fees. We aim for gateways with clear and predictable pricing, helping businesses easily budget for their payment processing needs. Flexibility in pricing plans, including tiered and subscription-based models, also factors in heavily.
Hardware and Software Options (25%)
We assess the variety and quality of hardware options such as card readers, terminals, and other peripherals that integrate with the payment gateway. We also evaluate the robustness of the software solutions provided, including POS apps, mobile payment solutions, fraud prevention tools, and reporting tools. The ability to customize software and hardware to suit business needs is also an important factor.
System Capabilities (20%)
We focus on the system’s overall capabilities, such as supporting multiple payment methods (credit/debit cards, ACH, digital wallets, etc.), integrations with accounting and eCommerce platforms, mobile payment options, multi-currency support, and recurring billing capabilities. Additional features like fraud prevention, chargeback management, and loyalty programs are highly valued.
Ease of Use (10%)
We evaluate how easy it is for both merchants and customers to use the payment gateway. This includes the user interface design, the setup process, and how intuitive the system is to navigate for both experienced and new users. A clean and simple user experience is critical for businesses looking to streamline operations and reduce training time.
Customer Support (10%)
We evaluate the availability of customer support channels (phone, email, live chat), response times, and the effectiveness of the solutions provided. Gateways offering 24/7 support and comprehensive self-service resources such as knowledge bases and FAQs are highly rated.
Contract Terms (5%)
We look at the flexibility of contract terms, including the availability of month-to-month agreements, cancellation policies, and the presence of free trials or money-back guarantees. Gateways with more flexible terms allow businesses to test services without long-term commitments and make changes if the solution no longer fits their needs.
How We Define Our Ratings:
Exceptional payment gateways that excel in every category. These systems are versatile, affordable, and well-suited for businesses of all sizes and industries.
Excellent gateways with strong features and competitive pricing, though they may lack flexibility in contract terms or have limited integrations.
Good gateways for specific business types but may have higher costs, limited features, or usability challenges.
Gateways that fall short in several categories, offering fewer features or limited value compared to competitors.
Our Commitment to Accuracy:
We regularly update our data points to reflect changes in pricing, features, or policies. Our ratings serve as a guide, but we recommend businesses compare multiple providers to find the best fit for their unique needs.
Meet Our Experts

Denis Lunev
Denis Lunev is a seasoned expert in payment platform development, with over a decade of experience dedicated to automating payment operations. He has successfully consulted hundreds of businesses, helping them streamline billing processes, optimize cash flow, and maintain compliance and security standards.